Finding Top-k Nodes for Temporal Closeness in Large Temporal Graphs

Pierluigi Crescenzi, Clémence Magnien and Andrea Marino

In Algorithms, 13 (9), 211, 2020

The harmonic closeness centrality measure associates, to each node of a graph, the average of the inverse of its distances from all the other nodes (by assuming that unreachable nodes are at infinite distance). This notion has been adapted to temporal graphs (that is, graphs in which edges can appear and disappear during time) and in this paper we address the question of finding the top-k nodes for this metric. Computing the temporal closeness for one node can be done in O(m) time, where m is the number of temporal edges. Therefore computing exactly the closeness for all nodes, in order to find the ones with top closeness, would require O(nm) time, where n is the number of nodes. This time complexity is intractable for large temporal graphs. Instead, we show how this measure can be efficiently approximated by using a “backward” temporal breadth-first search algorithm and a classical sampling technique. Our experimental results show that the approximation is excellent for nodes with high closeness, allowing us to detect them in practice in a fraction of the time needed for computing the exact closeness of all nodes. We validate our approach with an extensive set of experiments.

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Temporal Cliques Admit Sparse Spanners

Jason Schoeters

Mardi 10 Novembre 2020, à 11h en salle 25-26/105, Jussieu

Let G=(V,E) be an undirected graph on n vertices and λ:E →2^N a mapping that assigns to every edge a non-empty set of positive integer labels. These labels can be seen as discrete times when the edge is present. Such a labeled graph {\cal G}=(G,λ) is said to be temporally connected if a path exists with non-decreasing times from every vertex to every other vertex. In a seminal paper, Kempe, Kleinberg, and Kumar (STOC 2000) asked whether, given such a temporal graph, a sparse subset of edges can always be found whose labels suffice to preserve temporal connectivity—a temporal spanner. Axiotis and Fotakis (ICALP 2016) answered negatively by exhibiting a family of Θ(n^2)-dense temporal graphs which admit no temporal spanner of density o(n^2). The natural question is then whether sparse temporal spanners can always be found in some classes of dense graphs. In this paper, we answer this question affirmatively, by showing that if the underlying graph G is a complete graph, then one can always find temporal spanners of density O(n log n). The best known result for complete graphs so far was that spanners of density (n choose 2)−⌊n/4⌋=O(n^2) always exist. Our result is the first positive answer as to the existence of o(n^2) sparse spanners in adversarial instances of temporal graphs since the original question by Kempe et al., focusing here on complete graphs. The proofs are constructive and directly adaptable as an algorithm.

Modèles et algorithmes pour les graphes dynamiques

Mathilde Vernet

Jeudi 22 Octobre 2020 à 11h en salle 25-26/105, Jussieu

Slides

Les problèmes de graphes ont été largement étudiés dans le cas des graphes statiques. Cependant, ces graphes ne permettent pas de prendre en compte la dimension temporelle, qui est souvent une donnée importante pour les situations à modéliser. Les graphes dynamiques viennent combler ces lacunes en permettant de modéliser des évolutions dans le temps. On peut alors s’interroger sur ces mêmes problèmes de graphes dans un contexte dynamique. Cela passe d’abord par la définition du modèle de graphes dynamiques le plus approprié et la modélisation précise du problème sur ces graphes. Lorsque le problème ne peut pas être résolu efficacement en appliquant directement des méthodes connues sur les graphes statiques, il faut alors concevoir un algorithme de résolution spécifique aux graphes dynamiques et l’analyser théoriquement et expérimentalement. En suivant cette démarche, l’objectif de cette thèse est de s’interroger sur l’extension aux graphes dynamiques des problèmes bien connus sur les graphes statiques. Ce travail s’intéresse à plusieurs problèmes de graphes en contexte dynamique en se focalisant sur les aspects algorithmiques et en s’abstrayant des domaines d’applications. Nous nous intéressons d’abord aux problèmes de flot dans les graphes dynamiques et proposons en particulier pour le problème du flot de cout minimum un algorithme polynomial permettant de résoudre le problème de façon optimale pour un modèle de graphe dynamique spécifique. Des problèmes liés à la connexité des graphes dynamiques sont aussi étudiés. Les composantes connexes persistantes, extension des composantes connexes aux graphes dynamiques, traduisent la connexité d’un ensemble de nœuds pendant un certain nombre de pas de temps consécutifs. De façon analogue à la notion de maximalité des composantes connexes dans un graphe statique, une notion de dominance entre composantes connexes persistantes est définie. Un algorithme polynomial permettant d’identifier toutes les composantes connexes persistantes non dominées est proposé. Plusieurs extensions à la définition de composantes connexes persistantes sont étudiées. Nous proposons enfin des extensions possibles du problème de Steiner aux graphes dynamiques. Nous nous concentrons sur un cas particulier et montrons la NP-complétude de ce problème.  

Do you trade with your friends or become friends with your trading partners? A case study in the G1 cryptocurrency

Nicolas Gensollen, Matthieu Latapy

In Applied Network Science, 5 (25), 2020

We study the interplay between social ties and financial transactions made through a recent cryptocurrency called G1. It has the particularity of combining the usual transaction record with a reliable network of identified users. This gives the opportunity to observe exactly who sent money to whom over a social network. This social network is a key piece of this cryptocurrency, which therefore puts much effort in ensuring that nodes correspond to unique, well identified, real living human users, linked together only if they met at least once in real world. Using this data, we study how social ties impact the structure of transactions and conversely. We show that users make transactions almost exclusively with people they are connected with in the social network. Instead, they tend to build social connections with people they will never make transactions with.

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The networks underlying collaborative learning and solving

Marc Santolini

Lundi 12 Octobre 2020 à 11h en salle 25-26/105, Jussieu

Slides

In this talk, I will review some of our recent work in understanding collaborative learning and solving using network approaches on large empirical datasets. First, using fine-grained quantitative data from digital lab notebooks of more than 2,000 teams who participated to the science and engineering iGEM competition in the past 10 years, I will exhibit shared aspects of team work, team structure and team dynamics, as well as features underlying team performance and team improvement throughout participations. I will then introduce our ongoing ‘iGEM TIES’ project aimed at mapping high-resolution team interactions in the lab using a bluetooth-enabled smartphone app. I will contrast these results with behavior observed in large, distributed open-source communities from GitHub. Finally, I will introduce our recent work on collaborative learning using fine-grain social data from online forums and phone call records, and show how interaction data can help predict learning outcomes and identify peer influence in performance and engagement. 

Exploration of Interactions for Influence Modelling in Online Social Networks

Monika Rakoczy

Vendredi 31 novembre 2020, à 14h, en salle 26-00/332, Jussieu

Slides

Online social networks are constantly growing in popularity. They enable users to interact with one another and mapping their relations to the virtual world. Users utilize social media platforms as a mean for a rich variety of activities, such as share and exchange information, create relations, and others. Such online human interactions take place within a dynamic environment where we can observe and distinguish many qualities related to relations between users, concerning influential, trusted or popular individuals. In this talk, we will focus on the qualities of users connected to four important concepts: influence, reputation, trust, and popularity, in the scope of SNA for influence modelling. We will examine some of the existing works utilizing these notions and emphasize the most important features that these concepts should include in order to measure them based on the SNA information. Using the notions, we will concentrate on a practical model for influence estimation, called Action-Reaction Influence Model (ARIM). This model considers the type, quality, quantity, and frequency of actions performed by users in SN, and is adaptive to different SN types. Furthermore, we will discuss a notion not yet explored much in SNA discipline — micro-influence, which targets new phenomena of users with a small but highly involved audience, who are observed to be still highly impactful. Finally, we will focus on the quantification of influence over time and representation of influence causal effect. Particularly, we will consider a specific kind of SN – citation network, which is highly time-sensitive. Accordingly, we will discuss another influence estimation model, which determines influence during a particular time period between communities within time-dependent citation networks.

Investigating the Lack of Diversity in User Behavior: the Case of Musical Content on Online Platforms.

Rémy Poulain, Fabien Tarissan

In Information Processing & Management, 57(2), Elsevier, 2020

Whether to deal with issues related to information ranking (e.g. search engines) or content recommendation (on social networks, for instance), algorithms are at the core of processes that select which information is made visible. Such algorithmic choices have a strong impact on users’ activity de facto, and therefore on their access to information. This raises the question of how to measure the quality of the choices algorithms make and their impact on users. As a first step in that direction, this paper presents a framework with which to analyze the diversity of information accessed by users in the context of musical content. The approach adopted centers on the representation of user activity through a tripartite graph that maps users to products and products to categories. In turn, conducting random walks in this structure makes it possible to analyze how categories catch users’ attention and how this attention is distributed. Building upon this distribution, we propose a new index referred to as the (calibrated) herfindahl diversity, which is aimed at quantifying the extent to which this distribution is diverse and representative of existing categories. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to connect the output of random walks on graphs with diversity indexes. We demonstrate the benefit of such an approach by applying our index to two datasets that record user activity on online platforms involving musical content. The results are threefold. First, we show that our index can discriminate between different user behaviors. Second, we shed some light on a saturation phenomenon in the diversity of users’ attention. Finally, we show that the lack of diversity observed in the datasets derives from exogenous factors related to the heterogeneous popularity of music styles, as opposed to internal factors such as recurrent user behaviors.

Predicting interactions between individuals with structural and dynamical information

Thibaud Arnoux, Lionel Tabourier, Matthieu Latapy

In Journal of Interdisciplinary Methodologies and Issues in Sciences, 2019

Capturing both structural and temporal features of interactions is crucial in many real-world situations like studies of contact between individuals. Using the link stream formalism to model data, we address here the activity prediction problem: we predict the number of links that will occur during a given time period between each pair of nodes. To do this, we take benefit from the temporal and structural information captured by link streams. We design and implement a modular supervised learning method to make prediction, and we study the key elements influencing its performances. We then introduce classes of node pairs, which improves prediction quality and increases diversity

Weighted, Bipartite, or Directed Stream Graphs for the Modeling of Temporal Networks

Matthieu Latapy, Clémence Magnien, Tiphaine Viard

In Temporal Network Theory, Holme P., Saramäki J. (eds), Computational Social Sciences, Springer, 2019

We recently introduced a formalism for the modeling of temporal networks, that we call stream graphs. It emphasizes the streaming nature of data and allows rigorous definitions of many important concepts generalizing classical graphs. This includes in particular size, density, clique, neighborhood, degree, clustering coefficient, and transitivity. In this contribution, we show that, like graphs, stream graphs may be extended to cope with bipartite structures, with node and link weights, or with link directions. We review the main bipartite, weighted or directed graph concepts proposed in the literature, we generalize them to the cases of bipartite, weighted, or directed stream graphs, and we show that obtained concepts are consistent with graph and stream graph ones. This provides a formal ground for an accurate modeling of the many temporal networks that have one or several of these features.

Tools and Methods for Human Mobility Analysis with Mobile Phone Data

Vincent Gauthier

Mardi 19 novembre 2019, à 14h, en salle 26-00/332, Jussieu

Slides

During recent years, the study of population dynamics from mobile traffic data has proven to offer rich insights into human mobility laws, disaster recovery, infective disease epidemics, commuting patterns, urban planning, measurement of air pollution in cities, and measurement of energy consumption of cities. These studies have demonstrated how data collected by mobile network operators can effectively complement, or even replace, traditional sources of demographic data, such as censuses and surveys. We present here a series of works that we developed method to extract mobility information from mobile phone data aim for public transport authorities. With the first study, we developed an unsupervised algorithm that enables the mapping of mobile phone traces over a multimodal transport network. One of the main strengths of our work was its capability to map noisy sparse cellular multimodal trajectories over a multilayer transportation network where the layers have different physical properties and not only to map trajectories associated with a single layer. In a second study, we proposed a new approach to infer population density at urban scales, based on aggregated mobile network traffic metadata. Our approach allowed estimating both static and dynamic populations, achieved a significant improvement in terms of accuracy with respect to state-of-the-art solutions in the literature and was validated on different city scenarios.

Role of the Website Structure in the Diversity of Browsing Behaviors

Pedro Ramaciotti Morales, Lionel Tabourier, Sylvain Ung, and Christophe Prieur.

In Proceedings of the 30th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media, pp. 133-142. ACM, 2019.

The quantitative measurement of the diversity of information consumption has emerged as a prominent tool in the examination of relevant phenomena such as filter bubbles. This paper proposes an analysis of the diversity of the navigation of users inside a website through the analysis of server log files. The methodology, guided and illustrated by a case study, but easily applicable to other cases, establishes relations between types of users’ behavior, site structure, and diversity of web browsing. Using the navigation paths of sessions reconstructed from the log file, the proposed methodology offers three main insights: 1) it reveals diversification patterns associated with the page network structure, 2) it relates human browsing characteristics (such as multi-tabbing or click frequency) with the degree of diversity, and 3) it helps identifying diversification patterns specific to subsets of users. These results are in turn useful in the analysis of recommender systems and in the design of websites when there are diversity-related goals or constrains.

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Approximating the Temporal Neighbourhood Function of Large Temporal Graphs

Pierluigi Crescenzi, Clémence Magnien and Andrea Marino

Algorithms 2019, 12(10), 211 (Special Issue Algorithm Engineering: Towards Practically Efficient Solutions to Combinatorial Problems)

Temporal networks are graphs in which edges have temporal labels, specifying their starting times and their traversal times. Several notions of distances between two nodes in a temporal network can be analyzed, by referring, for example, to the earliest arrival time or to the latest starting time of a temporal path connecting the two nodes. In this paper we mostly refer to the notion of temporal reachability by using the earliest arrival time. In particular, we first show how the sketch approach, which has been already used in the case of classical graphs, can be applied to the case of temporal networks in order to approximately compute the sizes of the temporal cones of a temporal network. By making use of this approach, we subsequently show how we can approximate the temporal neighborhood function (that is, the number of pairs of nodes reachable from one another in a given time interval) of large temporal networks in a few seconds. Finally, we apply our algorithm in order to analyze and compare the behavior of 25 public transportation temporal networks. Our results can be easily adapted to the case in which we want to refer to the notion of distance based on the latest starting time.

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Presentation of a library for stream-graphs

Yiannis Siglidis

10 Octobre 2019, 14:00. Salle 26-00 332, Jussieu.

Slides

The study of dynamical graphs, i.e. a data-model capable of modelling temporal-structures, becomes more and more important nowadays as the amount of data produced and the storing capabilities of the existing computational infrastructure associates information more and more with time. In their paper « Stream Graphs and Link Streams for the Modeling of Interactions over Time » of 2017, Matthieu Latapy, Tiphaine Viard, Clémence Magnien, defined a theoretical framework for modelling temporal-networks, that attempts a consistent temporal-generalisation of graph-theory. Under the founding of the ODYCCEUS(https://www.odycceus.eu/) interdisciplinary european program, a first attempt for implementing a library for stream-graphs, by Yiannis Siglidis (developer) and Robin Lamarche- Perrin (supervisor). Their implementation stands as a prototype of a generic basis that would support all existing implementations of stream-graph algorithms, while allowing enrichment and re-design of elementary data-structures. Its contribution shouldn’t only be considered as a technical one, in the sense of producing a new baseline-tool, but also as a theoretical one, as we examined and uncovered some of the immaturities of current from the view of implementation. We hope that this tool will show a small part of the computational possibilities that are provided by the formalism of stream-graphs and as so raise the importance of theoretical research in that direction as well as theoretical research around data-structures, supporting this novel approach on dynamical networks. Their current implementation supports continuous, discrete, instantaneous, weighted and unweighted instances of directed stream-graphs. The libary can be found at https://github.com/ysig/stream_graph and is licensed under GNU-GPL3.

Randomized reference models for temporal networks

Christian Lyngby Vestergaard

mercredi 18 décembre 2019 à 10h30, salle 24-25-405, Jussieu

Many dynamical systems can be successfully analyzed by representing them as networks. Empirically measured networks and dynamic processes that take place in these situations show heterogeneous, non-Markovian, and intrinsically correlated topologies and dynamics. This makes their analysis particularly challenging. Randomized reference models (RRMs) have emerged as a general and versatile toolbox for studying such systems. Defined as ensembles of random networks with given features constrained to match those of an input (empirical) network, they may for example be used to identify important features of empirical networks and their effects on dynamical processes unfolding in the network. RRMs are typically implemented as procedures that reshuffle an empirical network, making them very generally applicable. However, the effects of most shuffling procedures on network features remain poorly understood, rendering their use non-trivial and susceptible to misinterpretation. Here we propose a unified framework for classifying and understanding microcanonical RRMs (MRRMs). Focusing on temporal networks, we use this framework to build a taxonomy of MRRMs that proposes a canonical naming convention, classifies them, and deduces their effects on a range of important network features. We furthermore show that certain classes of compatible MRRMs may be applied in sequential composition to generate over a hundred new MRRMs from the existing ones surveyed in this article. We provide two tutorials showing applications of the MRRM framework to empirical temporal networks: 1) to analyze how different features of a network affect other features and 2) to analyze how such features affect a dynamic process in the network. We finally survey applications of MRRMs found in literature. Our taxonomy provides a reference for the use of MRRMs, and the theoretical foundations laid here may further serve as a base for the development of a principled and automatized way to generate and apply randomized reference models for the study of networked systems.

Mesurer le degré de polarisation de l’espace médiatique et politique sur YouTube : structure des chaînes dabonnés, similarité daudience des fans et diversité des recommandations algorithmiques.

Bilel Benbouzid

8 Octobre, 2019, 11:00hrs. Salle 25-26/105, Jussieu.

Cette présentation vise à rendre compte des résultats d’une recherche sur l’espace politique et médiatique de la plateforme YouTube. Deux questions principales motivent notre étude qui se situe encore dans une phase exploratoire.  Tout d’abord, YouTube n’étant pas un réseau social en tant que tel – c’est à la fois un réseau d’utilisateurs (chaque utilisateur est une chaîne), un espace de stockage auquel on a accès via un moteur de recherche et une plateforme de streaming qui dépend en grande partie d’un système de recommandation – comment rendre compte de sa structure et catégoriser les chaînes qui la composent? Deuxièmement, nous cherchons à mesurer le degré de polarisation de l’espace médiatique et politique sur YouTube : l’analyse relationnelle des chaînes révèle-t-elle une structure équivalente à celle de l’écosystème médiatique révélé par le Médialab de Sciences Po à partir d’une analyse des réseaux d’hyperliens des sites d’information et leur dynamique de circulation sur Twitter (Cardon, 2019) ? Ou bien, au contraire, les relations entre des chaînes sur YouTube fait-elle apparaître une structure spécifique à l’architecture de la plateforme ? Pour répondre à cette question, il faut analyser YouTube du point de vue des différents modes de mise en visibilité des chaînes, qu’ils soient humains ou algorithmique. C’est pourquoi, nous proposons de présenter la structuration des chaînes sur YouTube en trois dimensions qui sont autant de manières différentes, mais complémentaires de rendre compte de la polarisation : le réseau social qui correspond au réseau des chaînes abonnées ou recommandées par les chaînes elles-mêmes ; le réseau des chaînes qui partagent des communautés de fans ; et le réseau de chaînes formé par les vidéos recommandées conjointement par l’algorithme. Ces trois dimensions donnent à voir les facettes multiples de YouTube. Alors que la première permet de comprendre la manière dont les humains se recommandent les chaînes entre eux, la seconde montre les publics partagés par les chaînes, la troisième rend compte de l’espace médiatique et politique formé par une machine (la recommandation algorithmique). Dans cette phase exploratoire, nous avons comparé ces trois dimensions selon la diversité des contenus qu’elles valorisent (une catégorisation des chaînes a été réalisée manuellement). Dans cette présentation nous montrerons 1) les réseaux de chaînes qui se donnent à voir selon les trois dimensions, 2) les matrices de modularité en fonction des catégories de chaîne et 3) une comparaison de la distribution des catégories de chaines selon les trois dimensions à partir des résultats des expériences de marche aléatoire et des calculs de la perplexité qui leur sont associés. Nous montrons que les réseaux de chaînes produits par les humains (les réseaux de chaînes amis et celui des publics de fan) polarisent moins que le réseau produit par la recommandation algorithmique. Nous montrons aussi que si bulle de filtre il y a, elle ne se situe pas où elle est attendue : c’est moins les contenus à caractère sensationnels et « complotistes » qui sont les plus recommandés par la plateforme (ce qui est souvent dénoncé dans le débat public), mais les chaines de médias traditionnels – un des effets sans doute de l’action menée par YouTube faire évoluer le système de recommandation. Ces résultats invitent à discuter de la nature de l’espace public que construit YouTube dans ce contexte de problème de désinformation. YouTube semble accorder un soutien particulier aux contenus des professionnels de l’information, bien plus qu’à celui des chaînes alternatives. Dans cette discussion, nous proposons de débattre de la nature de la « démocratie YouTube » au travers des interprétations des métriques et des modèles d’analyse de réseaux.

Qualified personalities: Sociology of the French Media Government from Cinema to the Digital Era

Olivier Alexandre

Chapter in Reconceptualising Film Policies, 2017

The nature of French audiovisual sector is determined by a layering of policies, created at various periods of time. A public policy system has been continuously developed and adapted since the 1950s, mostly focusing on the support to and defence of the artistic and moral quality of film and television programmes. This institutional system has relied on ‘qualified personalities’ emanating from diverse sectors such as cinema, television, arts, culture, education, administration and the political world. The chapter presents a sociological analysis of the French model matrix. It focuses on the revolving-door system and the policy-making personnel that have enforced a stable regulatory frame for audiovisual industries. The rise of digital operators and executives – more internationalised and engineering-solution oriented – is currently destabilising this ecosystem. There is an important generational, cultural, ideological and linguistic gap between the French ‘Media government’ and the management teams of the new players.

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A general graph-based framework for top-N recommendation using content, temporal and trust information

Armel Jacques Nzekon Nzeko’o, Maurice Tchuente and Matthieu Latapy

Journal of Interdisciplinary Methodologies and Issues in Sciences, 2019

Recommending appropriate items to users is crucial in many e-commerce platforms that containimplicit data as users’ browsing, purchasing and streaming history. One common approach con-sists in selecting the N most relevant items to each user, for a given N, which is called top-Nrecommendation. To do so, recommender systems rely on various kinds of information, like itemand user features, past interest of users for items, browsing history and trust between users. How-ever, they often use only one or two such pieces of information, which limits their performance.In this paper, we design and implement GraFC2T2, a general graph-based framework to easilycombine and compare various kinds of side information for top-N recommendation. It encodescontent-based features, temporal and trust information into a complex graph, and uses personal-ized PageRank on this graph to perform recommendation. We conduct experiments on Epinionsand Ciao datasets, and compare obtained performances using F1-score, Hit ratio and MAP eval-uation metrics, to systems based on matrix factorization and deep learning. This shows that ourframework is convenient for such explorations, and that combining different kinds of informationindeed improves recommendation in general.

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Spreading dynamics in a cattle trade network: Size, speed, typical profile and consequences on epidemic control strategies

Aurore Payen, Lionel Tabourier and Matthieu Latapy

PLOS ONE, 2019

Infections can spread among livestock notably because infected animals can be brought to uncontaminated holdings, therefore exposing a new group of susceptible animals to the dis- ease. As a consequence, the structure and dynamics of animal trade networks is a major focus of interest to control zoonosis. We investigate the impact of the chronology of animal trades on the dynamics of the process. Precisely, in the context of a basic SI model spread- ing, we measure on the French database of bovine transfers to what extent a snapshot- based analysis of the cattle trade networks overestimates the epidemic risks. We bring into light that an analysis taking into account the chronology of interactions would give a much more accurate assessment of both the size and speed of the process. For this purpose, we model data as a temporal network that we analyze using the link stream formalism in order to mix structural and temporal aspects. We also show that in this dataset, a basic SI spread- ing comes down in most cases to a simple two-phases scenario: a waiting period, with few contacts and low activity, followed by a linear growth of the number of infected holdings. Using this portrait of the spreading process, we identify efficient strategies to control a potential outbreak, based on the identification of specific elements of the link stream which have a higher probability to be involved in a spreading process.

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